The Education Of Schools And Schools Essay - 1304 Words

Many schools in America are divided by cities and districts which locks in certain students for specific schools. Some of these schools are well provided, and others are not due to the income of that district which the students live in. These borders for schools causes a problem in which certain educational tools and experience are restricted for those individuals who have a low income. The inadequate funding of schools for certain districts throughout America have been a problematic enforcement of disparity. This continues to promote the ideas of racism, segregation, and social class by isolating schools based off the income and having certain limitations due to ethnicity. In order to change the things for the better, we must bring awareness to this problem and work towards equal funding of schools. Mickelson and Smith state â€Å"There is a strong relationship between race and social class, and racial isolation is often an outgrowth of residential segregation and socioeconomic bac kground† (Mickelson and smith 2011) Schools are one of the foundations in which society is formed through the gain of knowledge and experience. If we are simply segregating the distribution of certain knowledge due to the income of a person, we are restricting the right for a person to obtain equal knowledge. With the education system being constricted due to the income of the student’s family, they are unable to fulfill their grasp of knowledge in comparison to the schools of a wealthier district.Show MoreRelatedThe Education Of The School Essay2540 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction There is nothing more important to the future of the students than their current education. Many times, this process becomes difficult when the proper funding of the schools is hard to find. While there is federal and state funding to assist the schools to achieve this mission, it only covers a small portion of a school’s operating budget. The schools must then turn to the community for their help, usually in the form of a levy. With most household’s financial budgets being depletedRead MoreEducation Of Single Sex Schools And Co Education Schools1103 Words   |  5 PagesEducation System in the UK Education is an important tool that is applied in the contemporary world to succeed, as it mitigates the challenges which are faced in life. The knowledge gained through education enables individuals’ potential to be optimally utilized owing to training of the human mind. This opens doors of opportunities enables individual to achieve better prospects in career growth. The education system generally and in the UK specifically is divided into four main parts,Read MoreSex Education in Schools657 Words   |  3 PagesSex Education in Schools Nineteen-fifty five marked the debut of sex education programs in schools in the United States. Along the years, many have argued whether or not sex education should be taught in schools. Many believe that the education of sex encourages students to engage in sexual activities which lead to a higher number of pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases (STD’s).The U.S. is the leading country in teen pregnancies and STD’s As the number of unplanned pregnancies and sexuallyRead MoreHigh School Education1572 Words   |  7 Pagesto school after the summer holidays. Forklaring: Students are looking forward 2. According to Michelle Obama is education important when you want to plan your own career. Forklaring: Education is – forkert ordstilling 3. President Obama, which wife has now joined his efforts to improve education, wants the US to have the highest percentage of college graduates by 2020. Forklaring: Whose wife - forkert bà ¸jning 4. How much you earn throughout life depends large on your success in school andRead MoreHealth Education in Schools1199 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Education in Schools By Paul Favors, eHow Contributor I want to do this! Whats This? Health education is the formal inclusion of the principles of wellness in the curriculum of a particular educational institution. Among the concepts taught to students are information on illness and their prevention, substance abuse and sexual relations. The ultimate purpose of health education is to allow students to have an understanding of their bodies and develop beliefs related to health. Facts Read MoreThe School System And Education Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesEducation has taken a different course throughout the years. The way the educational system was set to be performed differs than how it is practiced today. The system has become more advanced in the ways of which are important when it comes to educating a student. In one of the ways which the system has improved and became more advanced was by first hiring higher educated teachers who meet the exact requirements, and then the environment for learning becoming safer and more appropriate for studentsRead MoreEnvironmental Education At The School844 Words   |  4 PagesWhile at the school, I got to try my hand at a variety of different things. Every day was different. In a classroom, you never know what is going to happen and everyday something different is taught. I would go to the school Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays each week from 12:00pm until 3:00pm. On Mondays, I would go to two Kindergarten classrooms, Mrs. Markons and Mrs. Rolfes. In both classes, I helped with environmental education. Somedays there was an Environmental Educator that would lead theRead MoreThe Education Standards Of Schools Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesOur Education Standards Although no one disputes the value of education, how the country should improve it is fiercely contested. Every few years, along comes a new idea to save American schools, be it enforcing standards, opening charter schools, providing vouchers for private education, or paying teachers based on their performance. The truth is that no plan can save the american education system, its the people within it that need to change. At the start of elementary school, students have a desireRead MoreThe Education Of The Middle School857 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle school was roughly the first time I truly became aware of social justice in the world. It was probably the first real time I realized that the world wasn’t fair and that equal opportunities were not available for everybody. Around the time of Barraack Obama’s first term our country went into a recession and unemployment was high. I watched my friend’s mom become unemployed because the company could not afford to hav e her as an employee anymore. My family was not affected hard at the beginningRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Private School Education Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat education. The main thing they have to decide is if they want their child to go to public or private school. Another thing to consider is, which type of school will provide the best education for their child. However, only some families have this choice, and others don’t. Families that aren’t financially stable might not be able to afford a private school education, even if that’s what they would prefer for their children. From previous experience, I feel as though private schools provide

First Paper “The House on Mango Street” - 931 Words

First Paper: â€Å"The House on Mango Street† In The House of Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros depicts the character of Esperanza as a coming-of-age female who dreams about having a house of her own. The house will bring for her the personal and family stability that she needs; as evidenced by the way the author uses the house to represent Esperanza’s search for what she wants to be as an artist and as a woman. This is significant because it speaks about how people may use their imagination as a means to reinvent themselves. Socially speaking, the concept of property is related to the possession of tangible and intangible things by an individual or a particular group. This idea of property brings benefits for some people: it gives the feeling†¦show more content†¦4). Nevertheless, being accepted in society is a fundamental part of the growing process of any person. In that regard, finding an identity—understood as a set of characteristics that distinguish a person in a particular group—is a critical part of this process. For Esperanza, the house will allow her to have at least the necessary stability that she needs to go out and face important issues, such as making friends and getting accustomed to a new neighborhood. It is interesting to underline how, intentionally, the author does not give a concrete description of the main character: there is no name, age or physical description of her, except for the fact that the she refers to herself as â€Å"me.† This condition may denote Esperanza’s struggle trying to adapt herself to a new community, as the character acknowledges that she does not know who she is; neither knows what place in the world she owns yet; nor what role in her life she wants to play. In addition, the author uses the description of a run-down house—hat makes Esperanza feel ashamed— as a means to portray and reinforce the idea of a character whose personality is still underdeveloped and in the search for her own way to expressShow MoreRelatedThe House On Mango Street Analysis1145 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel The House on Mango Street portrays the struggle of a young Latina girl from a bad neighborhood who is trying to have a better life. From the beginning, it is evident that the dreams of this young girl are to be independent, become a writer, and have a home of her own. To begin with, the author makes it clear from the start that Esperanza, the young Latina girl, is a big dreamer who wishes to be independent. Throughout the book, it is clear how much she talks about leaving Mango street and beingRead MoreHouse On Mango Street Reflection942 Words   |  4 Pagesdidn’t belong to you? In The House on Mango Street, this is how the main character, Esperanza, felt. The author, Sandra Cisneros, did a good job in portraying a girl who couldn’t find her place. She had a problem accepting where she was from, The House on Mango Street is heartfelt novel and is great to pass the time. In this story, you will be shown the lives of Esperanza, her sister Nenny, their two best friends Rachel and Lucy, and the many people who lived on Mango Street. This book is about a girlRead MoreThe House On Mango Street Analysis912 Words   |  4 PagesEsperanza. You will always be Mango Street. You cant erase what you know. You cant forget who you are† (105). No matter what, Esperanza’s experiences on Mango Street have become a part of her and she cannot change it. In the novella, The House on Mango Street, written by Sandra Cisneros, the author introduces Esperanza, a resident of Mango Street, who constantly dreams of becoming an independent woman with a house of her own ideals. As she and her family purchase a house and become a newcomer intoRead MoreThe American Dream in The House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros1511 Words   |  7 Pageseverybody has one, it can be from living in a large house and having a million dollars to just having the privilege to live in America and try to make something better for themselves in this new life or new start they are trying to grasp. There are many traditions and dreams of every American today while some dreams are practical and some are not and most of all their dreams are from the heart. The American dream is really simple--it consists of a house a job a car three kids and one dog but this is notRead MorePowerlessness In Sandra Cisneross The House On Mango Street846 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishes that many young girls within the Hispanic culture represented in The House on Mango Street are forced into roles they do not wish to take, resulting in a loss of identity and ultimately, a sense of powerlessness in the girl without anyone to show her how to be powerful. When Esperanza experiences awful situations somewhere she has happy childhood memories, it begins the loss of her childhood identity. Esperanza first sees Sally experiencing the loss of her childhood identity and although itRead More Comparing Women in Raisin In the Sun, House On Mango Street, and Yellow Raft1510 Words   |  7 PagesRoles of Women in A Raisin In the Sun, The House On Mango Street, and A Yellow Raft In Blue Water      Ã‚  Ã‚   A Raisin In the Sun, The House On Mango Street, and A Yellow Raft In Blue Water all contain strong, defined images of women. These women control and are controlled. They are oppressed and liberated. Standing tall, they are confident and independent. Hunched low, they are vulnerable and insecure. They are grandmothers, aunts, mothers, wives, lovers, friends, sisters and children. AlthoughRead MoreSexism In The House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros1141 Words   |  5 PagesSexism is a challenge almost all women face. In a way, sexism can be beneficial because it can motivate women to defy societys standards and anything holding them back. However, in The House on Mango Street, author Sandra Cisneros, shows both sides of sexism, and how it can motivate women. Sexism can also make women give up and not accomplish anything. While Cisneros has the protagonist fight off sexism, Esperanza runs into many cases of sexism where the women just give up. Similarly, with The HelpRe ad MoreEssay on House On Mango Street1074 Words   |  5 Pages Women’s Escape into Misery Women’s need for male support and their husband’s constant degradation of them was a recurring theme in the book House on Mango Street. Many of Esperanza’s stories were about women’s dreams of marrying, the perfect husband and having the perfect family and home. Sally, Rafaela, and Minerva are women who gave me the impression of [damsel’s in distress].CLICHamp;Eacute;, it’s ok though. It’s relevant They wished for a man to sweep them of their feet and rescue them fromRead MoreThe House On Mango Street Analysis1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel, The House on Mango Street, focuses on a young girl who strives to figure out her identity. She continuosly struggles to find her confidence, along with who she is. People tend to struggle with self-acceptance due to society. Society analyzes each person and dissects every one of their flaws, making them want to change themselves to fit expectations. Moving to her new home, Esperanza began to spend all of her time embarrassed. She was ashamed of her new home, and also uncomfortableRead MoreThe House on Mango Street - Characterization Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesEsperanza: the Person Behind the Print In The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, a little girl from a Latino heritage is given birth to. Not literally, but in the sense of characterization. Esperanza is a fictional character made up by Cisneros to bring about sensitive, alert, and rich literature. She is the protagonist in the novel and is used to depict a female’s life growing up in the Latino section of Chicago. Cisneros creates the illusion that Esperanza is a real human being to communicate

Analysis Of The Book The Child By Tiger - 1603 Words

In Thomas Wolfes’ story â€Å"The Child by Tiger† Dick Prosser a deeply religious veteran from the South begins working for a white family after serving in the United States Army. Prosser was well liked by the Shepperton family and the boys of the neighborhood, until the day that Dick Prosser’s PTSD was triggered and killed many people of the town. The boys of the town looked up to Dick, they thought that he was able to do everything. He was also considered to be very smart for an African American. Thomas Wolfe uses George L. Dillon’s styles of reading in â€Å"The Child by Tiger†. Wolfe uses two out of three of George L. Dillons styles of reading, one of the styles is the Anthropologist style. In Thomas Wolfe’s story Anthropologist style is a way of looking at the social norms and values of the story. Dillons Anthropologist style of reading is represented in Wolfe s story by showing the effects of PTSD and the way African Americans were v iewed and treated. Wolfe uses another one of George L. Dillon s styles of reading. Digger for Secrets is also used in â€Å"The Child by Tiger.† Digger for Secrets style is how the readers go beneath the surface of the story to uncover things that are not directly stated. George L. Dillons Digger for Secrets style can be uncovered in the way Thomas Wolfe describes Dick Prosser s physical appearance and how deeply religious Prosser was for someone who served in the army. One major use of the Anthropologist style is Thomas Wolfe showing whatShow MoreRelatedKaren Chua s Battle Hymn Of The Tiger Mom880 Words   |  4 PagesEvery parent wants the best for their child. There are different styles of parenting around the world that are used to ensure that their children do succeed. One method in particular is the stereotypical Chinese parenting style, or â€Å"Tiger Mom† parenting as it is referred to in Dr. Amy Chua’s book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom, however, many o ther Asian cultures utilize the same, if not, similar method. This method of parenting has received much criticism, especially in the western hemisphere, whereRead More`` This Be The Verse `` By Phillip Larkin1444 Words   |  6 Pagesproduce an â€Å"unf*cked child.† Some parenting styles now being practiced are tiger parenting, free-range parenting and helicopter parenting. This paper is going to analyze how these parenting styles contribute to children growing up with anxiety, narcissism, and low self-esteem as well as discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of these styles. The three styles of parenting that are mainly the focus right now are tiger parenting, free-range parenting, and helicopter parenting. Tiger parenting is aRead More The Tiger and The Lamb Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tiger and The Lamb The Tiger and The Lamb were both poems by William Blake. In this essay I am going to compare the two poems. Blake, as a child, was an outcast and didnt have many friends. He was educated at home by his parents and found sociability difficult. His family believed very strongly in God but did not agree with the teachings of the church. During his lonely hours, Blake often read the Bible. He had a lot of free time to think about ideas, reflect on life and to strengthen hisRead MoreLife of Pi Analysis with How to Read Literature Like a Professor1656 Words   |  7 PagesLife of Pi Analysis With How to Read Literature Like a Professor 1. Chapter 12: Is That a Symbol? A. Example one In the early stages of Life of Pi, Martel mentions a place that Pi and Ravi had gone to visit while on vacation. While looking aimlessly through the window, they noticed three hills. On top of one hill was a catholic church, another a Hindu temple, and the other a Muslim mosque. Each hill portrays each of the religions in Pi’s complex faith. The hills represent Pi’s strugglesRead MoreRecognized Arguments1563 Words   |  7 PagesPremise Socrates is a man. Premise Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Conclusion â€Å"Therefore† is a key word indicating the claim is the conclusion. 1. Sue is pregnant and will give birth to one child. Premise We know already this child has no genetic anomalies. Premise If Sue’s baby is a boy, he will be named Mark. Conclusion If Sue’s baby is a girl, she will be named Margaret. Conclusion Read MoreWilliam Blake And The Divine Image Essay2209 Words   |  9 Pagesof humanity. This paper will give a glimpse to its readers about Blake’s poetic vision on world, its connection with God along with a clear concept that unconsciously his lyrics maintain the theory of new critics who give more importance to close analysis of form, literary devices, and technique of a text. Blake, English painter-poet, has been the subject of many scholarly works since the end of the Nineteenth Century. Not until the Twentieth Century was the concept of artificial mythology or mythopoeiaRead MoreEnglish Preromanticism: William Blake3403 Words   |  14 PagesBlake-a forerunner of English Romanticism 1 William Blake-a social critic of his own time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 2 William Blake’s ideas and the Modern World†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 2. â€Å"Songs of innocence and of Experience†-the most popular W.Blake’s poem book 1 The social significance of W. Blake’s work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 2 Paired poems-one of the most important characteristic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 INTRODUCTIONRead MoreEssay about Apocalypse Now1649 Words   |  7 Pageschaos reigned. The return to a more primitive, instinctual life style was also apparent when Willard and Chef, while gathering mangos, are attacked by a tiger, and when Coppula uses the element of surprise to show that the characters have entered the cycle of predator and prey. It is this aspect of the movie that most clearly parallels Conrads book, and the most visible interpretation of the movie. Coppulas movie can also be viewed in a moral context. I viewed this movie as a documentary of a journeyRead MoreBinary Opposition of Life of Pi5401 Words   |  22 PagesPi from various angels. But most kinds of analysis about the novel are focus on existing doubts about the story, and the religious symbols in the novels. The binary opposition narrative in the novel discussed rarely. The novel is full of the binary oppositions narrative, these made the story distinctive. By expounding the existence of the binary oppositions in the novel, to reveal the meaning of the novel conveys. Key words: Binary opposition; Pi; Tiger; Evil; Ego Yann Martel (1963-present) isRead MoreThe Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesSongs of Innocence and of Experience.† Identified with â€Å"the contrasting and complementary natures of youth and maturity, as stated in Steven Clarks review, â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience (Book)† (256), each collection of poems showed a large spectrum that ranged from a trusting nature, such as that of a child, to a more experienced standpoint, such as that of an adult. Despite being considered two separate collections, â€Å"The Songs of Innocence† would commonly have a corresponding companion poem in

Heroic Model Of Science Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Heroic Model Of Science Essay, Research Paper The epic theoretical account of scientific discipline is one of the most influential phenomena in history. This rush of value-free cognition, filled with pragmatism, bold justification, absolute truth and complete objectiveness, changed the manner in which the universe was perceived and how the hereafter would be viewed. The heroic theoretical account changed the regulations and ushered western civilisation into a new epoch, filled with wondrous flooring scientific surprises. The recoil from the heroic theoretical account was so powerful that it to a great extent influenced other topics, such as history. The epic theoretical account of scientific discipline was a phenomenon of the western universe, during the Enlightenment. This admiration aided in transforming scientists, philosophers and others among them into cultural heroes. Science became a portion of place life, when in old times scientific discipline was seen as a menace to faith and therefore proclaimed as incorrect. We will write a custom essay sample on Heroic Model Of Science Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once scientific discipline became a portion of life and began to turn out and bluffly say things that the bible and faith could non come near to explicating, it became the footing for fact. The heroic theoretical account could easy be blamed for the dislocation of the religious-infested societies that plagued the universe. This became really of import to everyone involved, which proved to be more people than expected. The heroic theoretical account was an gap for scientist and others to show their sentiments without the fright of being ostracized and labeled as a blasphemer. These people were no longer look down upon as evildoers, against God and faith, yet they were praised for conveying truth and secularity to the universe. Facts no longer were infested or influenced by faith, the truth was the existent truth. It replaced the fright and anxiousness that nature one time evoked with hope inspired by an ordered, harmonious, cognizable universe. The heroic theoretical account boosted scientific discipline to a degree that nil else had of all time reached or attempted to achieve. Science, during the Enlightenment and accordingly afterwards, was used to mensurate the position of a state and their place of power. If a state was non every bit progress as another state was in the scientific disciplines so that state was evidently non civilized and was beneath the other state. Such as, the economic system might be used to find the position or worldly place of a state today that is how scientific discipline was used during the Age of Enlightenment. The patterned advance of scientific discipline and the overpowering success of the heroic theoretical account non merely yanked scientific discipline to the head, but it besides influenced and changed the manner history was being perceived and studied. Historians began to recognize that the constructs and rudimentss of new scientific discipline could be used in history. The systematic, bit-by-bit procedure used in scientific discipline could now be applied, successfully, in the authorship and development of history. History was no longer merely an history of the yesteryear, yet it became a profession filled with university-educated work forces, who used an analytical manner of analysing the yesteryear. The epic theoretical account of scientific discipline ushered in a new signifier of history, a scientific history, which sought the truth in the same systematic manner as scientific discipline. This gave the survey of history an rational tyranny of its ain, but it began, as did the heroic theoretical account of scientific discipline itself, as a challenge to the earlier tyrannies of the throne and communion table and to histories that were meant to demo the manus of God at work among saints and swayers. When the procedure of making modern history was completed, Biblical clip ballad in ruins and the dreams of millenarists came to be seen as expansive ego psychotic beliefs. The Enlightenment and the rise of scientific discipline, in the universe, affected many different surveies, but out of all the other surveies history seems to be the 1 that was influenced the greatest. The epic theoretical account ushered in a new manner of analyzing, composing, analysing and comprehending, non merely history, but besides clip. Historians, with the coming of scientific history could now mensurate development by advancement toward modern. With a newer, stronger foundation historiographers laid their claim on the past and no 1 can take that off from them, of all time.

Superstition Slaves Boyhood Freedom Essays - Fiction, Literature

Superstition: Slaves: Boyhood Freedom The odd superstitions touched upon were all prevalent among children and slaves in the West at the period of this story --- that is to say, thirty or forty years ago. Mark Twain Hartford, 1876 Dealing with the role of magic in HF, Daniel Hoffman claims a subtle emotional complex binds together superstition: slaves: boyhood freedom in Mark Twain's mind.1We know how Twain felt about boyhood freedom - his nostalgia for it lead him to some of his finest writing, and it lends its charm to his most enduring works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. How Twain felt toward slaves is more ambiguous. In his autobiography Twain wrote of Uncle Dan'l, the man on whom the character Jim was based, that his sympathies were wide and warm and that his heart was honest and simple and knew no guile (Autob., 2.) To the time spent on his uncle's farm in Florida, Missouri Twain credited his strong liking for his [Uncle Dan'l's] race and...appreciation of certain of its fine qualities (Autob., 3.) To the late-twentieth-century reader, of course, Twain's treatment of blacks is extremely problematic. Jim's character presents many difficulties -- are we to think of J im as the man who longs for his family even as he valiantly runs away from them or the fool who gains celebrity among the slaves for a story he invents and believes? How could Twain allow Jim to assert his human dignity on the raft, then subject him to a series of gross humiliations at the Phelps farm? Definitive answers to these questions are impossible. However they and the fact that they must remain unresolved affect all conclusions we draw about Twain and his black characters. In considering superstition, the third part of this triangular relationship, we are again left with questions about Twain's feelings. In Form and Fable in American Fiction, Daniel Hoffman writes that Twain's usual assumption is that white persons of any status higher than trash like Pap have little knowledge of, and no belief in, superstition 2 Superstition is mainly for slaves and boys. It is important to note that within the framework of Huck Finn, dissociating a thing from white culture is by no means casting it in poor light. In fact when put under the scrutiny of Huck's honest narration, white culture suffers badly. Miss Watson, though good, is harsh and unkind. The King and Duke think nothing of tricking the Wilks girls out of their inheritance; even the Grangerfords, who are quality, partake in a vicious and deadly feud. The brutalities that Huck witnesses - Buck's killing, Boggs' murder - are committed by whites. Although Pap has superstitions, folk beliefs in the story belon g to Huck and Jim, the characters we most trust. While incidents like Jim begging mercy from the ghost Huck and Nat and the witch pie are clearly intended to make the reader laugh at the ignorance of the believers, are we not somehow left in the end with the idea that the zealous followers of superstition are somehow safer than their Christian counterparts? In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer a boy of German parentage memorizes eight or ten thousand bible verses but goes mad from the effort. In Huck Finn the Shepherdsons and Grangerfords go to church with their guns. On the other side, the slaves come from all around to see the five cent piece which they and Jim believe was given to him by the devil. We as readers know that the slaves have been duped by their own superstition and by Tom's mischief, but are we convinced that they are worse off than the people at the camp meeting who donate a total of $87.75 to that scoundrel, the King, for his mission in the Indian Ocean? Bibliography 1. Daniel G. Hoffman, Jim's Magic: Black or White?. American Literature XXXII March 1960, pp. 47-54. back to text 2. Daniel G. Hoffman, Form and Fable in American Fiction. Oxford University Press. New York, 1965.back to text Book Reports

Administrative Law Coursework The WritePass Journal

Administrative Law Coursework Introduction-Source of Power Administrative Law Coursework Introduction-Source of Power[Question 1:]ConclusionOther Possible Claim[Question 2:]Conclusion Second ClaimConclusion Third ClaimAvailable Remedy [Question 3:]Claim OneClaim Two[Question 4:]BibliographyRelated Introduction-Source of Power In order to seek for the legality of an action taken by a public body, first, we may need to identify the source of its power. The source of the power provides the standard for the reviewing exercise. Generally the source of the delegated discretion for Public Law will be an enable Act, yet there are cases where it may be an Order in Council issued under the Prerogative. The fact sheet shows that the (fictitious) Traffic Control Act 2010 was imposed by the Councils, thus we may conclude that the source of the power in this case is by Public Law. [Question 1:] Amelia, who has been ‘prosecuted for breach of a 15 mph speed limit’, is likely to seek for judicial review on the ground that the decision taken by the Council is unreasonable. She may argue that she was driving through the ‘thinly populated docks area’ where the 2010 Act need not to be imposed. Hence she may also try to seek for quashing order against the prosecution during the application of judicial review. It has been some time that the basic test for reasonableness in English Administrative Law was driven from the Court of Appeal’s decision in Associated Provincial Picture House Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation (the Wednesbury case). Lord Green MR stated the authority’s decision might be open to attack because the imposed principle in the case was: â€Å"Not directing itself properly in law; not taking into account relevant considerations, or conversely taking into account irrelevant considerations; acting unreasonably; acting in bad faith; or acting in disregard of public policy†. Nonetheless his Lordship went on saying that it was important to bear in mind that Parliament had entrusted the local authority with the discretion to impose the law because of the belief of the area’s needs.Thus his Lordship suggested that the courts should not rashly intervened and quashed a condition imposed by such a body, unless such condition really did involve the element of unreasonableness. However, compelling evidence will be required to prove a case in such matter. Beside the Wednesbury Test, terms such as ‘Illegality’, ‘Irrationality’ and ‘Procedural Impropriety’ are identified by Lord Diplock from Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service(the GCHQ case). As mentioned above, proving unreasonableness or irrationality will require heavy evidence provided by the applicant for juridical review. It should be that unless the unreasonableness in the case is so manifested which leave the court no choice but to step in without hesitation. Additionally the courts will consider not only the merits of the decision but also the ‘necessity and appropriateness’ of their judicial intervention. As Woolf LJ had explained: it was not for the courts to trespass the function of the local authorities simply because they disagreed with the decision. It is important for the courts to consider about the purpose behind the relevant legislation. Hence, the Seachester Council may defense itself on the ground that although the docks area may truly be ‘thinly populated’ but to certain extent, potential harms may still occur because of high speed driving. In other words, instead of considering only about the population, the main purpose of the 2010 Act is to have safety concern about the traffic issues in such area. On the other hand, the Council may have drawn a statistic map; and found the necessity to impose a traffic control measures in order to prevent further tragic or dangers. Under such accounts, it may be inappropriate to say that the Council has abused its delegated power and caused illegality. Conclusion With the Seachester Council defense, we may come to the conclusion that the court is unlikely to accept the applicant of judicial review made by Amelia. Other Possible Claim If Amelia’s claim involved issue such as the breach of her fundamental rights, there may be a possibility that other test beside the Wednesbury Test may be engaged. Nonetheless this is not the case here, thus there is no other alternative claim which Amelia can make. [Question 2:] Bertram may seek judicial review against Ruffborough Council’s decision for not imposing the traffic control measure on where he lives; an area which has ‘very high accident rate’ and required the Council to strictly imposed the law; otherwise irrationality/ unreasonableness will establish. As we had discussed above for the test of unreasonable/ irrationaland its principles, we had also come across the facts that the courts are reluctant to rely to interfere the decision made by the council. This is because otherwise they will substitute the function and power which the Parliament has entrusted to the public bodies. An example of this test can be seen in the case of Nottinghamshire CC v Sec of State for the Environment. Furthermore Bertram will also be asked to provide strong evidence to support his ground under the Wednesbury Test. In order to have a more effective claim, Bertram may try to have his argument based on the fact that his Article 8 of Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 had been breached by the Council’s decision. Ever since the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Human Rights Act 1998, the domestic courts began to have a strict application of the test of unreasonableness in cases which involved the issues of the citizen’s fundamental rights. In R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bugdaycay, Lord Bridge said: â€Å"†¦the court must†¦be entitled to subject an administrative decision to†¦more rigorous examination†¦according to the gravity of the issue which the decision determines. The most fundamental of all human rights is the individual’s right to life and when an administrative decision under challenge is said to be one which may put the applicant’s life at risk, the basis of the decision must surely call for anxious scrutiny.† Similar statement was expressed by Sir Thomas Bingham MR in R v Ministry of Defense, ex parte Smith. Bertram may now allege that without the appropriate traffic control, his family or just he will be under no protection against the high traffic accidents; the safety concern of where he lives is doubtful. By law, the public authority should exercise its rights to ensure that interests of ‘national security, public safety are well-maintained and made efficient prevention against crime, disorder for the protection of health, morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others’. Now, since Bertram has relied his case on the HRA1998, this means that the doctrine of proportionality will be considered by the domestic courts while determining his application of judicial review. The doctrine of proportionality stated that the action will be unlawful if it is inappropriate in its effect, or relative to what is required. R v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, ex parte Hook suggested that English Law had recognized this doctrine for sometime as the offshoot of the unreasonableness test. Smith and Grady v United Kingdom and Lustig-Prean and Beckett v United Kingdom had became the basis for review when Convention rights were involved. The court found that prohibiting homosexuals to serve in the army forces had constituted a violation of HRA 1998 in the judicial review and had provided no effective domestic remedy in respect of the Convention rights. This was because the threshold set by the domestic courts for proof of irrationality was too high that it did not allow the applicants to gain their remedy. Furthermore Lord Bingham in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department 2004 said that under Proportionality Test, the courts should consider not just the behavior complained but also, they should also look for another way of proceeding which will not limit the Convention rights. If the answer is a ‘Yes’ then the behavior may not be proportionate. Nonetheless such wide assessment will involve judges to consider the merits and not just the process which may subsequently form more controversial issues. Until this stage, we may say that the proportionality doctrine has a lower threshold and it allow a court to balance conflict of interests. Thus if Ruffborough Council wishes to restrict Bertram’s human right then the restriction must be proportionate or no greater than it is necessary to be. However, House of Lords in R v Home Secretary, ex parte Brind refused to accept the proportionality doctrine as a separate and stand-alone head of judicial review. Lord Slynn in R (Alconbury Developments Ltd and Others) v Secretary of Stet for the Environmentt expressed his opinion: â€Å"Trying to keep the Wednesbury principle and proportionality in separate compartments seems to me to be unnecessary and confusing. In Alconbury case and R (Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department, it has indicated that the senior judges are like to simplify the law by using just the proportionality doctrine in all judicial review cases. Nonetheless for other cases in House of Lords, this approach is refused. The Court of Appeal in R (Association of British Civilian Internees Far Eastern Region) v The Secretary of State for Defense pointed out that proportionality is not yet ready to be adopted by the domestic law in cases which does not concern about European Union or the European Convention of Human Rights. Thus the traditional Wednesbury test remained as a correct test. Conclusion Despite the fact that the law is still developing and causing some controversies yet if we assume that the judge is willing to accept the proportionality doctrine in Bertram case, we may say that he has a chance of winning his case. This is because based on the arguments which he had mentioned and after considering the true nature or purpose of the 2010 Act, the decision made by Ruffborough Council may be deemed to be unreasonable or disproportion. On the other hand, such decision does violate his Article 8 of HRA 1998. Second Claim The 2010 Act clearly stated that the traffic control measure should be imposed on high accidental area. Hence when the Council failed to exercise its power Bertram may argue that it has failed to comply with the express statutory requirements. By logic, if such failure happened, it should be that the Council’s decision will be deemed as ultra vires. For Bertram’s case, the court will first consider both the general principles of statutory interpretation and the intention of the Parliament in enacting such law. In short, any public authority which has its statutory power exercised in the way which formed contradiction with the Parliament’s intention is going to have its action considered to be ultra vires (R v Pierson). There is a reasonable and logical ground for Bertram or the court to believe that the nature and purpose for the Parliament to introduce the 2010 Act is to prevent further harm, tragic and increase of the accident rate in traffic. Therefore when the Council failed to comply with such expressed statute term, it is obvious that its act contained illegality. On the other hand, by taking the account of European Convention on Human Rights when exercising power or making discretion, the public authorities are required to consider about the demands of the Convention Rights. The decision made by the public authorities will not be unlawful only if they are not able to avoid the incompatibility of one or more provisions of primary legislation. Otherwise their actions or decisions would be illegal for not upholding the Convention Rights. Conclusion As we have mentioned above, Bertram may argue that the Council’s decision has infringed his Article 8 HRA 1998. Thus if the court find the Council has no compelling defense or its decision has formed contradiction with the Parliament intention, it likely that such decision will be deemed to be defective. Third Claim Bertram was expected to be consulted with the Council yet he was not. Again we may say that the Council has failed to comply with the express statutory procedural requirements. As stated above, such failure may constitute ultra vires. Nonetheless we may need to identify if such requirement is mandatory or directory. Based on the fact sheet, we may say that there is a statutory requirement that the Council should have consulted with Bertram before making its decision and such requirement is considered to be invariably mandatory by the courts (Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Industry Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms Ltd). The court in the case held that the scheme was invalid, as against the mushroom growers since they were not consulted. However the court in the case did not invalidate the whole scheme. Thus, if we apply the test of the Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Industry Training Board case, we may say that Bertram has a chance in succeeding his claim. Nonetheless the Council may argue that there is no right to be heard since there will be no difference to the outcome.   Support of this augment can be found in Glynn v Keele University and Another. In the case, the court refused to invalidate disciplinary action taken in respect of the student concerned, despite the fact that he had been denied a hearing. The court made such decision on the ground that no matter what he would say would be able to change the outcome. Ruffborough Council may argue that:‘†¦such bodies as significantly represent local communities†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, as the 2010 Act has stated may have referred to the communities which concern more about the local residents’ live- hood issues/living qualities. In other words, Bertram’s association will less likely to be considered as ‘significantly represent local communities†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Nevertheless Bertram may claim that there was legitimate expectation in him towards the Council based on the previous promise or course of dealing. Like the applicant in t he case of AG of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu[47], Bertram may argue that he had a legitimate or reasonable expectation to the consultation since the decision made by the Council will eventually affect his interest. On the other hand, similarly with the applicant in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service, if there had been regular practice of consultation between the Council and Bertram on matters relating to the impose of legislation in Ruffborough, Bertram will then have a legitimate expectation of being consulted. Hence, when the Council failed to consult with Bertram, we may say that there is a breach of natural justice/legitimate expectation. Such breach may lead to the consequence that the decision made by the Council will be void since it is based on ultra vires. However to determine if a decision is truly ‘void’, the decision will be left with the courts. Available Remedy For his overall claims, if Bertram’s application against the Council is judicially reviewable, he may seek for mandatory order as remedy. The court will order the Council to fulfill its duties since it addresses wrongful failure to act. In short, the Council will need to draw a designated control area at where Bertram live and where it is suppose to be at Ruffborough. Failure to comply with such order will form as contempt of court and it will be punishable.   However if the statutory duties are drafted in a wide and vague terms, the court will not grant the remedy unless the compliance with the order can be supervised. Or, the order will not be granted only if the Parliament has supplied a more suitable alternative remedy. [Question 3:] If Clark’s application of judicial review is determined under the traditional Wednesbury test as we had discussed earlier, it is likely that he will lose his case. On the other hand, even though Clark may claim that his Article 8 HRA 1998 has been violated and thus his case should be justified under the proportionality doctrine, yet the doctrine is still controversial and is unlikely to be certainly applied by the English courts. Thereby we will need to seek for an alternation in order to make his claim judicially reviewable. Claim One The enforcement of HRA 1998 has made it becomes unlawful for any public authority to act in anyway which is incompatible with the Convention Rights. Therefore as a public authority is exercising its discretion, it will need to determine if its discretion has form contradiction with the Convention Rights protected by the Act. Such impact incurred by the Convention rights on the public authorities and the scope of judicial review remains in question but we may still have our expectation based on R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Quaquah. Hence Clark may claim that his fundamental right has now been affected by the designated area created by the Council. Although it may be true that Clark’s interest has been affected by such legislation however if the court does not find the evidence provided by him has the sufficient ground which can compel with his argument, it is likely that Clarke will lose his case. The actions taken by the public authority can be declared as ultra vires when it has acted on the basis of irrelevant considerations In short, if the public authority has acted without necessary evidence to justify its decision or it is trying to achieve some hidden aim or goal by using a power not intended for the purpose, we may say that it has acted beyond relevant considerations. The basic theory regarded to this issue is laid down by Lord Esher MR in R v St Pancras Vestry. It is true that the public authorities will face difficult task of balancing one set of considerations against another and usually the courts are unlikely to substitute the public authorities’ view with its own opinion. To determine if the administrative action has been legally taken based on the statutory powers, the courts will first consider about the statutory interpretation and the intentions that the Parliament is trying to achieve when certain legislation is being carried out. Therefore if the statutory power has been carried out in the sense which has diverged with any general assumptions regarding to Parliament’s legislative intent, the action is likely to be deemed as ultra vires (R v Pierson). In Clark’s case, it is likely that the court will find the legislation imposed by the Council is to protect the public from as many traffic tragedies as possible. Between Individual’s self-interest and public policy, we may come to an assumption that the court is likely to guard the public policy rather than blindly favour the interest of an individual. Claim Two Clarke claims that the Council allowed the decisions to be taken by Antifume whom received commission to write a report. He may want to challenge the validity of that report. According to S 101 of the Local Government Act 1972, Parliament has stated that local authorities have very large scale of work ranges and duties. Therefore it is impossible for them not to continue their works with delegation of their functions to committees, officers or even other local authorities. However note that the final decision will still be made by the local authorities, and they reserved the rights to exercise their powers. Hence the courts may have an indulgent attitude to the delegation of functions by a local authority. In Provident Mutual Life Assurance Association v Derby City Council, the appellant challenged the validity of the notice issued by the respondent authority on the ground that the notice was made by the authority’s Assistant but not the Treasurer. The applicant’s argument was rejected. Therefore with the decision of Provident Mutual Life Assurance Association case as a guideline, we may come to the conclusion that Clark is likely to lose his claim here. Unless there is significant fault made in the procedural requirement as how it was indicated in R v St Edmundsbury Borough Council, ex parte Walton, otherwise the court will not find the Council’s delegation of power illegal. Conclusions Hence, with all the above arguments and discussions, it is unlikely that Clark will win his case. Therefore there will be no remedy available for him. [Question 4:] Dee may seek judicial review against the Council’s decision of to designate no ‘control areas’ just because the Council wants to save money and ‘as a matter of policy’. Nonetheless the Council may argue about its finance constraints. Generally, a public body must be acting in good faith and to exercise discretion properly. If these two conditions are satisfied, the courts will not intervene. Alternatively, the court will intervene only if the decision is illogical or suggest willful indifference (In R v North Derbyshire Health Authority, ex parte Fisher). However there are cases where statutory context should be concerned. When the statute is drawn in wider, more generalized, terms the court may be able to grant an authority some flexibility.As it was stated by Lord Woolf MR in ex parte Help the Aged cased that that once a need is mentioned, yet lack of resources cannot be relied upon as a reason for not providing the necessary accident. Nevertheless the House of Lords expressed that there were still other ways of providing a reasonable decision. However Lord Browne-Wilkinson said once the reasonableness became narrowed to how a local authority had decided to allocate scare financial resources; the local authority’s decision would be hard to review. â€Å"The court cannot second-guess the local authority in the way in which it spends its limited resources.† Hence, unless the 2010 Act does further stated that the law must be imposed regardless of the financial state of the local authorities, otherwise there is a possibility that the Council will have the flexibility not to impose the law. Or if the circumstances of the case are similar with R v Gloucestershire, the court will likely to alter the Council’s decision. If we presume that the court has decided to make an intervention, mandatory order may be granted as the remedy of Dee’s claim. On the other hand, when any controversial budget decision involves one’s fundamental human rights, the applicant could now claim that the decision is unlawful.   Hence Dee may claim that the decision will breach her Article 8 HRA 1998. With the similar theory stated in Question two, if the court found that the decision is inappropriate and does cause violation of Dee’s fundamental right, it is likely that her applicable will be judicially reviewable and mandatory order will be granted as the remedy. Bibliography [Textbooks] Michael T Molan. Administrative Law Third Edition. Old Bailey Press, 2005. A W Bradley., and K D Ewing. Constitutional and Administrative Law Fourteen Edition. Pearson Education Limited 2007. David Pollard., Neil Parpworth., and David Hughes. Constitutional and Administrative Law Text with Materials Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press 2007. Peter Leyland., and Gordon Anthony. Textbook on Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2005. William Wade., C.F. Forsyth. Administrative Law Tenth Edition. Oxford University Press, 2009. David Hoffman., and John Rowe Q.C. Human Rights Act in UK: An Introduction to the Human Rights Act 1998 Third Edition. Pearson Education Limited 2010. [Websites] Human Rights Act 1998: Table of Contents. legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions. http://administrativelaw.uslegal.com/judicial-review-of-administrative-decisions/ Wednesbury Principles of Reasonableness: The Law Revisited. http://legalperspectives.blogspot.com/2010/05/wednesburys-principles-of.html Logic Reasoning Though Law forceofdestiny.co.uk/Literature/Questor/Logic5.html Doctrine of Legitimate Legislation. shvoong.com/law-and-politics/1673788-doctrine-legitimate-expectation/ Fiona L, McKenzie, Barrister. Ground of Review. lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch21s02s06.php# What are Fundamental Rights? wisegeek.com/what-are-fundamental-rights.htm

History of Women Running for President

History of Women Running for President The history of women running for president in the United States spans 140 years, but only in the last five years has a female candidate been taken seriously as a viable contender or come within reach of a major party nomination. Victoria Woodhull - Wall Streets First Female Broker The first woman to run for President of the United States was something of an anomaly since women did not yet have the right to vote - and wouldnt earn it for another 50 years. In 1870, 31-year-old Victoria Woodhull had already made a name for herself as Wall Streets first female stockbroker when she announced she would run for President in the New York Herald. According to her 1871 campaign bio written by fellow reformer Thomas Tilton, she did so mainly for the purpose of drawing public attention to the claims of woman to political equality with man. Concurrent with her presidential campaign, Woodhull also published a weekly newspaper, rose to prominence as a leading voice in the suffrage movement and launched a successful speaking career. Nominated by the Equal Rights Party to serve as their candidate, she went up against the incumbent Ulysses S. Grant and Democratic nominee Horace Greeley in the 1872 election. Unfortunately, Woodhull spent Election Eve behind bars, charged with using the U.S. mails to utter obscene publication, namely to distribute her newspapers exposà © of the infidelities of prominent clergyman Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and the indiscretions of Luther Challis, a stockbroker who allegedly seduced adolescent girls. Woodhull triumphed over the charges against her but lost her presidential bid. Belva Lockwood - First Female Attorney to Argue Before Supreme Court Described by the U.S. National Archives as the first woman to run a full-fledged campaign for the presidency of the United States, Belva Lockwood possessed an impressive list of credentials when she ran for president in 1884. Widowed at age 22 with a 3-year-old, she put herself through college, earned a law degree, became the first woman admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court and the first female attorney to argue a case before the nations high court. She ran for president to promote womens suffrage, telling reporters that although she couldnt vote, nothing in the Constitution prohibited a man from voting for her. Nearly 5,000 did. Undaunted by her loss, she ran again in 1888. Margaret Chase Smith - First Woman Elected to House and Senate The first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party did not envision a career in politics as a young woman. Margaret Chase had worked as a teacher, telephone operator, office manager for a woolen mill and newspaper staffer before she met and married local politician Clyde Harold Smith at age 32. Six years later he was elected to Congress and she managed his Washington office and worked on behalf of the Maine GOP. When he died of a heart condition in April 1940, Margaret Chase Smith won the special election to fill out his term and was re-elected to the House of Representatives, then was elected to the Senate in 1948 - the first female Senator elected on her own merits (not a widow/not previously appointed) and the first woman to serve in both chambers. She announced her presidential campaign in January 1964, saying, â€Å"I have few illusions and no money, but I’m staying for the finish.† According to the Women in Congress website, At the 1964 Republican Convention, she became the first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party. Receiving the support of just 27 delegates and losing the nomination to Senate colleague Barry Goldwater, it was a symbolic achievement. Shirley Chisholm - First Black Woman to Run for President Eight years later Rep. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY) launched her presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination on January 27, 1972, becoming the first African American woman to do so. Although she was as committed as any major party male candidate, her run - like Chase Smiths nomination - was largely seen as symbolic. Chisholm did not identify herself as the candidate of the womens movement of this country, although I am a woman, and I am equally proud of that. Instead, she saw herself as the candidate of the people of America and acknowledged my presence before you now symbolizes a new era in American political history. It was a new era in more ways than one, and Chisholms use of that word may have been deliberate. Her campaign paralleled an increasing push for passage of the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) initially introduced in 1923 but newly invigorated by the growing womens movement. As a presidential candidate, Chisholm took a bold new approach that rejected tired and glib cliches and sought to bring a voice to the disenfranchised. In operating outside the rules of the old boys club of career politicians, Chisholm did not have the backing of the Democratic party or its most prominent liberals. Yet 151 votes were cast for her at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Hillary Clinton - Most Successful Female Candidate The most well-known and successful female presidential candidate to date has been Hillary Clinton. The former First Lady and junior Senator from New York announced she was running for President on January 20, 2007, and entered the race as the frontrunner for the 2008 nomination - a position she held until Senator Barack Obama (D-Illinois) wrested it from her in late 2007/early 2008. Clintons candidacy stands in marked contrast to earlier bids for the White House by accomplished women who were prominent and respected but who had little chance of winning. Michelle Bachmann - First Female GOP Frontrunner By the time Michele Bachmann announced her intent to run for president in the 2012 election cycle, her campaign was neither farfetched nor a novelty thanks to this longstanding sisterhood of female candidates who had previously paved the way. In fact, the only female candidate in the GOP field took an early lead after winning the Iowa Straw Poll in August 2011. Yet Bachmann barely acknowledged the contributions of her political foremothers and seemed reluctant to publicly credit them with laying the foundation that made her own candidacy possible. Only when her campaign was in its final days did she acknowledge the need to elect strong women to positions of power and influence. Sources Kullmann, Susan. Legal Contender: Victoria C. Woodhull, The Womens Quarterly (Fall 1988), pp. 16-1, reprinted at Feministgeek.com.Margaret Chase Smith. Office of History and Preservation, Office of the Clerk, Women in Congress, 1917–2006. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2012.Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: Blazing the Trail for Women in Law. Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1 at www. archives.gov.Tilton, Theodore. Victoria C. Woodhull, A Biographical Sketch. The Golden Age, Tract No. 3, 1871. victoria-woodhull.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012.first woman to run for US President.